The Acid Rain Monitoring (ARM) Project began at UMass Water Resources Research Center in 1983 to assess the sensitivity of Massachusetts' surface waters to acid deposition. Key phases of the project:
Phase I (1983-1984): 1,000 water bodies sampled monthly for pH and alkalinity.
Phase II (1985): Expanded to 2,500 sites, adding major ion analysis with biannual sampling.
Phase III (1986-1993): Focused on 860 lakes and streams, sampled four times a year.
Phase IV (2001-2003): Focused on ~150 sites, shifting to stream sampling in 2003. Since 2011, ponds from 2001-2003 have been revisited, with annual April sampling to monitor acid rain sensitivity.